Using this book, organizations can develop and implement a quality cost system to fit their needs. Used as an adjunct to overall financial management, these principles will help maintain vital quality improvement programs over extended timeframes. This fourth edition now includes information on the quality cost systems involved with the education, service, banking, and software development industries.
You'll also find new material on ISO , cost systems in small businesses, and activity based costing. Additional information on team-based problem-solving, customer satisfaction, and the costs involved with the defense industry are also offered.
From market-leading content on contingency planning, to effective techniques that minimize downtime in an emergency, to curbing losses after a breach, this text is the resource needed in case of a network intrusion. However, firewalls are most effective when backed by thoughtful security planning, well-designed security policies, and integrated support from anti-virus software, intrusion detection systems, and related tools.
Coverage includes packet filtering, authentication, proxy servers, encryption, bastion hosts, virtual private networks VPNs , log file maintenance, and intrusion detection systems. The text also features an abundant selection of realistic projects and cases incorporating cutting-edge technology and current trends, giving students the opportunity to hone and apply the knowledge and skills they will need as working professionals.
Find Full eBook. It also details step-by-step guidance on how to use current forensics software. Appropriate for learners new to the field, it is also an excellent refresher and technology update for professionals in law enforcement, investigations, or computer security. It is also designed as an accompanying text to Digital Evidence and Computer Crime. This unique collection details how to conduct digital investigations in both criminal and civil contexts, and how to locate and utilize digital evidence on computers, networks, and embedded systems.
Specifically, the Investigative Methodology section of the Handbook provides expert guidance in the three main areas of practice: Forensic Analysis, Electronic Discovery, and Intrusion Investigation. The Technology section is extended and updated to reflect the state of the art in each area of specialization.
The main areas of focus in the Technology section are forensic analysis of Windows, Unix, Macintosh, and embedded systems including cellular telephones and other mobile devices , and investigations involving networks including enterprise environments and mobile telecommunications technology.
This handbook is an essential technical reference and on-the-job guide that IT professionals, forensic practitioners, law enforcement, and attorneys will rely on when confronted with computer related crime and digital evidence of any kind.
This book merges a digital analysis examiner's work with the work of a case investigator in order to build a solid case to identify and prosecute cybercriminals. Brett Shavers links traditional investigative techniques with high tech crime analysis in a manner that not only determines elements of crimes, but also places the suspect at the keyboard. This book is a first in combining investigative strategies of digital forensics analysis processes alongside physical investigative techniques in which the reader will gain a holistic approach to their current and future cybercrime investigations.
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The succession of corporate debacles and dramatic control failures in recent years underscores the necessity for information security to be tightly integrated into the fabric of every organization. The protection of an organization's most valuable asset information can no longer be relegated to low-level technical personnel, but must be considered an essential element of corporate governance that is critical to organizational success and survival. Written by an industry expert, Information Security Governance is the first book-length treatment of this important topic, providing readers with a step-by-step approach to developing and managing an effective information security program.
There are many open source tools are available that can be the part of the first responder toolkit, and some of the open source tools are exclusively being created to gather the data, but most of them do not get the complete set of volatile data.
It is highly recommended for a first responder to get their set of tools. They should also learn the commands to gather the volatile data manually. As you now understand the concept of volatile data, here are some definitions for reference: What is Volatile Data? This type of data usually not lost after rebooting or shutting down the machine. At the start of the investigation process, you need to differentiate between persistent and volatile data. You should make a policy to get the volatile data first; else, it may be lost.
Persistent data is usually collected in the forensics lab. Volatile Data: Volatile data is stored in the system memory. This data will be lost if the system is rebooted or shut down. It tells you about the logged-in users, processes that are running, and open ports with their remote connection. In the broader perspective, you can get the timeline of the suspicious machine, who, what and why they were using the machine when the incident happened.
Volatile data gives an investigator a broader perspective, an idea about the whole scenario, and how to proceed with the case. Volatile Data Collection Strategy Following are the key points that should be considered before starting the collection process: 1. Do not use the suspicious machine programs: create or establish your own command shell to gather the volatile information.
The first responder toolkit should carry a command shell to use when required, and at this stage, you should use it. Method to store the collected information: The process to transfer the collected evidence of the suspicious machine to the remote or collection system is very important and you should have a plan in mind to do so.
Netcat is handy to establish connections so you may use it. There are mainly two types of information that an investigator has to collect during the process: 1. Volatile system information: As the name suggests, collect the current running process, and configuration of the system.
Volatile network information: Collect the information about the network, open ports and the connectivity of the suspicious machine.
System Profiling An investigator has to get the profile of the system. It is the job of the network administrator to maintain the profile of every system. However, the system profile can be created in the run time. You need to get it from the official Microsoft website. Get the file and then extract all the utilities to acquire the volatile data from the suspicious machine.
It is the combination of multiple tools and we will discuss them one-by-one when needed. An investigator wants to get the information of the running software on the suspicious machine, so this command-line utility is very handy.
Uname is used to create system profile. If an investigator wants to know the machine name, OS and kernel version then use this command on the suspicious machine. What activities have been performed after starting the suspicious computer? Yes, it is the most important question that an investigator has to think about, and they should have to find the history of executed commands along with the system date and time.
For example, the incoming and outgoing connection. The important things are to find is whether the attacker has added any user accounts or not, and has the attacker s installed any software in the machine? And here on Windows: Make sure to record every activity, documentation is the key, since you need to submit your report to court. Current System Uptime You are acquiring volatile data, is it worthwhile?
Check the system uptime to know the time when the suspicious machine was started. It also helps you to understand whether the incident occurred during the uptime period or someone else has rebooted after the incident. Anything is possible; so from the investigation point of view, you should check the current processes of the suspicious machine. The objective is to identify the malicious service, and software running on the machine.
The key to examine is to have a list of legitimate system and application processes and then compare it with the running processes PID or process identifier. After executing the following command, several executable files have been identified. Let's take svchost. How long has this service been running? PsList has the answer: 3. And how much virtual memory is this process consuming at the moment? Again Pslist with a specific command. Apart from the processes, what services are running? Use PsService command.
Again, are you documenting everything? If not, then at the end of the investigation you will have nothing in hand.
Make sure you are documenting because you are left with no other choice. It prints result after sorting, the most CPU-intensive tasks are at top. Here you can see the process ID, time and most importantly the executed command to run the process. PS Apart from top, we have another command that provides the information of the current running processes, ID, CPU usage, memory usage and other useful information. An investigator should map the ports to the running processes and you should document the process identification number and the path.
You can download the fport from Mcafee website. The key to this test is to find and examine associated with suspicious machine IP addresses with their open ports. By examining network information, the first responder may easily get an idea whether the incident happened remotely or locally.
During the evidence gathering process, look for unfamiliar or abnormal open ports with the services running, you may get the trace of RAT remote administrative tools or any other type of backdoor.
Other native windows commands are also useful in getting volatile network evidences, NBTstat -s shows the connection of the local suspicious machine with the remote IP so that an investigator can map the shared resources on the network. Net The Net command has various functions, user accounts policy, shared resources on the network, network statistics and many other information can be acquired. Let say net share to find the information of the share folder and other shared resources, for example a printer.
You don't need to get any forensics tool at the moment to investigate the suspicious Linux machine. Linux native commands are handy and they provide a great deal of information to the investigator.
Logged on Users In this section, we will try to extract the information of the legitimate users on the suspicious machine. What is the total number of authorized users?
Moreover, what are their names and profiles? Access time, remote access or local access? PSLoggedon: is the part of Pstools and it allows you to see the locally and remotely logged on users: Net user: It is the native windows command to find the local and remote users of the suspicious machine. On Linux machine, last is one of the important command.
It allows an investigator to see history of logged on users local or remote. Getting evidence is not enough; management of evidence is the art.
Strict policies and procedures should be created to manage the evidence. Make sure to maintain the integrity of the data, chain of custody should not be broken. Evidence management guide should be created and your organizational policy should emphasize to implement it.
Modes of Attack Computer forensics and digital investigation depend on the nature of cyber-crime occurred. First, the identification of the crime informs the investigator to take the possible steps. What kind of crime should an investigator investigate? In this section, the answers of the aforementioned questions will be addressed. Computer Forensics - Systematic Approach An investigator should have a standard guideline and steps to use during the investigation, which we call a systematic approach.
Every step is based on specific reasons and they are linked together. Systematic approaches may differ, and it depends on the local laws and your own organization policy. Initial assessment of the case: Before starting the actual investigation, you should look at the broader prospective of the case and the possible outcomes. Keep in mind that you have to be suspicious of everyone and everything.
Do not try to imagine the result at first, because if you do so then you unintentionally work in that particular direction. Communicate with the relevant people about the incident; try to gather as much information as you can. What is the nature of the case? What is the situation after the incident? Create a design to approach the case: You should have everything, every possible step in your mind and you should write them down.
Create the process to handle this particular case. How you are going to approach the authority, the victim and the suspect? How you are going to seize the machines? What legal documents you might need to do this and how you are going to get the legal documents?
Required resources: What resources this case might require? Human resources, technical, and the software that required. Do you have the necessary software or do you need to get it? If you need assistance from any other company or team, this also comes under the required resources, create the list and get them at first place.
Identify the risks: Risk assessment should be done to evaluate the possible risks that are involved in the particular case. Based on the experience, your organization should have the list of possible problems occurred during an investigation, even you can judge the risk based on your own experience.
After identification, take the necessary steps to minimize or mitigate the risks. Investigation: All right, you have collected the data. Now investigate the extracted evidence and point out the culprit. Critique the case: Self-evaluation is the key, since you need to forward your report to court. After completing the report, you should thoroughly review the entire case. Find your weaknesses and improve them for future cases.
You can't simply investigate or seize any machine without following the proper laws and regulations. The legal aspects are important, since the case will go to the court and apart from the hearing, you need to follow laws while investigating otherwise you will find yourself in trouble.
Legal Process: The legal process depends on your local laws and rules. In the first stage, a complaint received, the investigator will investigate the complaint, and with the help of prosecutor, collect, analyze and report to build a case.
You can't start a criminal investigation by yourself. A criminal investigation requires evidence of an illegal act. If evidence is not found, then the criminal investigation cannot be started. Someone should inform the local police about the crime that has been committed and based on receiving the complaint the further investigation would be started.
At the very first step, the local police investigate the crime. They report the type of the case to the top management and then a specialist will be assigned to look after the case. Not every policeman is not a computer expert.
Sometimes they only know the basics about digital devices. During the seizure process, they might damage the critical evidence. To avoid any mishaps, CTIN has defined levels of law enforcement expertise. The Police officer is responsible for acquiring and seizing the digital evidence on the crime scene.
The assigned detectives usually handle the case. Specialist training in retrieving digital evidence, normally conducted by a data recovery or computer forensics expert, network forensics expert, or Internet fraud investigator. This person might also be qualified to manage a case, depending on his or her background.
You, as an investigator should have knowledge and expertise of computer forensics, and how to handle cyber-crime cases. You have to judge the level of expertise of the other team members and assign their roles, responsibilities and the expected performance. Follow the systematic approach discussed in the previous chapter, look for the evidence and then create a strong case supported by the evidences.
Your job as a computer investigator is to investigate the digital devices, extract the evidence and create the report. From this point onward, the job of a prosecutor is started.
As an investigator, you need to submit the final report with the evidences to the government attorney, the level of authority depends on the nature of the case, and your local laws. You can find the available guides on evidence management and other topics related to computer forensics. As it was discussed that you should collect evidence in a way that is legally admissible in a court. There are two core areas of law related to cyber-crime. Because individuals generally retain a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of closed containers, see United States v.
Ross, U. See United States v. Barth, 26 F. Reyes, F. Lynch, F. Chan, F. If it finds that the process, methodology and tools have violated 4th amendment while recovering the evidence, then the information or evidence will become inadmissible by the courts. The word memorized is very important in this context; keep in mind that the key passkey is never written on anywhere. The 5th amendment protects an individual from being compelled to provide the incriminating testimony. Remember, it does not provide protection if the evidence is written somewhere.
The first two laws 18 U. Let discuss the real-time electronic communication first. Before discussing the exceptions and prohibited acts, we should discuss the electronic communication based on OSI model. I will explain the both from the OSI point of view. Well, the legal document provides the admissible definition and they are: 18 U. Some prohibitions are: 1. Intellectual property laws can be further divided into copyright laws, trademark and trade secret laws, etc.
According to 18 U. This is the end of second module; we will discuss the file system from the next module. What kind of the storage devices do we have and what are their structures. This module discusses the technicalities of modern computer devices with the aim to provide the inside and understanding of storage medium and architecture of the current famous operating systems.
This chapter does not aim to differentiate drive with another type of drive, but this chapter aims to discuss the structure of different drives. Yes, fixed storage are the built-in storage space available in any electronic device and the external or removal is the one that you can plug and play with. The rapid growth in computer industry has introduced many storage mediums, apart from the traditional media types, for example hard-drive and CD compact disk , files can be stored in USB drive, mp3 player, mobile phones, digital camera, etc.
Hard Drive To understand the file, file system, how OS interact with storage media hard-drive , how the flow of information works, etc. It is also important to understand the place where data actually store, so that you will be able to retrieve it during your investigation.
A hard drive is made up of one or more platters coated with magnetic material, data stored or recorded magnetically onto the disk. The hard-drive platter is made up of aluminum alloy, glass and ceramic is also used in the creation of platter. It is important to understand that the area where data stores composed of magnetic media coating done by iron oxide substance. Data is stored on the both front and back sides of the platter which is also known as side0 and side1. The data of each platter are physically stored into tracks and sectors.
Every track has its own unique identification number for tracking, and the number starts from 0 at outer edge and moves an inner portion till the center of the circle reaching the value around The size of a sector is bytes. Cluster: Cluster is an important component that we should discuss, it is somehow linked to the sector discussed above or it may be referred as the group of sectors.
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